Athena in the Odyssey vs. Virgil in the Inferno Essay Example for Free

Athena in the Odyssey vs. Virgil in the Inferno Essay Two of the greatest works ever written, The Odyssey by Homer and The Inferno by Dante, are detailed, multi-sectioned poems about the journey’s of two men. In each story, the main character is given some sort of guidance by another character in order to aid them in their travels. In The Odyssey, Athena is portrayed as the protector to Odysseus on his journey back home from the Trojan War to his family in Ithaca. In The Inferno, Virgil is requested to lead Dante through the depths of Hell in order to save his soul. Many similarities can be seen between the two characters as they both served as advice givers, protectors, and guides for the main character. While the two guides seem very alike in the way’s they help, it turns out that many differences can be observed between their ways. Athena and Virgil can both be perceived as escorts in the main characters’ journey, but they both are leading their pupils towards different endings and these endings can be representative of a much larger purpose that describes the two authors’ views on life at the time each poem was written. In Greek mythology, Athena is regarded as the goddess of Wisdom. She uses her wisdom to aid Odysseus on his journey back home to his family, through various trials and tribulations. Athena’s guidance can be seen when Odysseus is finally being allowed to leave Calypso’s island, which outraged Poseidon. Poseidon sends a great wave to wreck Odysseus’s ship and possibly drown him in the vast ocean but instead Athena helps him survive. â€Å"But Zeus’s daughter Athena countered him at once./ The rest of the winds she stopped right in their tracks,/commanding them all to hush now, go to sleep./ All but the boisterous North-she whipped him up/ and the goddess beat the breakers flat before Odysseus,/ dear to Zeus, so he could reach the Phaeacians,/ mingle with men who love their long oars/ and escape his death at last.† (Ody. 5. 421-427). Another example of Athena protecting Odysseus is during the great battle in the hall when Odysseus finally confronts his wife’s suitors. Athena appears to Odysseus in the form of Mentor and tries to motivate Odysseus to kill all the suitors off with threats and accusations. She even commands the suitors to through their spears at Odysseus all at once. â€Å"At his command,/ concentrating their shots, all six hurled as one/ but Athena sent to whole salvo wide of the mark†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ody. 22. 267-269). Odysseus sees that all of his men are untouched by the suitor’s spears, and this action propels him to take charge and lead an attack on the suitors. Each time Athena guides or protects Odysseus, it’s in order to save his life. She desperately wants Odysseus to get home because Odysseus is a war hero and a King, very much deserving of a safe return home. Athena thinks very highly of Odysseus because he is such a great warrior and she feels he exemplifies the virtue of excellence. It’s easy to see how the ideals of society on life and death in Homer’s 7th Century BC times are portrayed through Athena’s help. The people of this time were most concerned on how you lived your life during the time you had. For them there was no glorious afterlife, so there was no need to try and save your soul to reap the prize of a great time after death. Homer uses Athena as Odysseus’s guide to get back home and live out the rest of his life the way he pleases. He’s spent his time as a warrior and won his most important battles before the beginning of the poem, so now he deserves to live out the rest of his l ife in peace with those he loves the most. Once he arrives home and fights off his wife’s suitors (with the help of Athena of course) he will finally be free in a sense to enjoy his life. In Dante’s The Inferno, Virgil serves as a guide for Dante through the depths of Hell. Virgil is widely considered an allegory for human reason. Reason is needed in a Christian worldview in order to control emotion and desire from taking control allowing for acts of sin. Reason is God’s gift to mankind, a way of staying on the right path and avoiding the dark side of life, if it is used properly. Virgil was requested to help a lost Dante save his soul by Dante’s departed love, Beatrice, who represents God’s grace. Virgil leads Dante through Hell in order for him to learn the descriptions of sins and their consequences. Virgil is with Dante through out his entire journey, unlike Athena who only appears to Odysseus in The Odyssey every once in a while. One example of how Virgil is always there to lead Dante is when Dante faints before entering the First Circle of Hell. Dante faints at the shine of a bright light and awakens already in the next circle. â€Å"With rested eyes, I stood/ and looked about me, then fixed my gaze/ to make out where I was./ I found myself upon the brink/ of an abyss of suffering/ filled with the roar of endless woe.† (Inf. 4. 4-9). This type of situation occurs many times throughout the poem, as Dante proves many times too weak to carry on, and Virgil takes care of him, protects him, and moves them along on their journey. Another situation is when Dante and Virgil arrive at the center of Circle 9 of Hell. They come to the great body of Lucifer, and Virgil throws Dante on his back to continue their upward climb out of Hell. â€Å"At his request I clasped him round the neck./ When the wings had opened wide enough/ he chose the proper time and place/ and took a handhold on those hairy flanks./ Then from hank to hank he clambered down between the thick pelt and the crusted ice.† (Inf. 34. 70-75). While Virgil leads Dante physically in many ways, he also serves as a voice of reason and leads through his words. An example of this is back as they are entering the First Circle. Dante says, â€Å"My master (Virgil) began: ‘You do not ask about/ the souls you see? I want you to know,/ before you venture farther,/ ‘they did not sin. Though they have merit,/ that is not enough, for they were unbaptized,/ denied the gateway to the faith that you profess./ ‘And if they lived before the Christians lived,/ they did not worship God aright./ And among these I am one.† (Inf. 4. 31-39). In this situation, Virgil not only instructs Dante on what he needs to do, but also reveals a little more information about himself as well. Although Virgil seems to guide Dante in almost the exact same way Athena guides Odysseus, Virgil is working towards an all-together different purpose. In Dante’s 14th century AD Christian society, it was imperative to ensure that you lived a good life on earth and repented for all your sins so that you would be in God’s presence in the after-life. Dante uses Virgil as a way for his audience to see that the most important thing is to save one’s soul, even if a little guidance is required to do so. Dante needed to travel through the depths of Hell to be able to wake up and realize how reason should control emotions and desires so that life can be lived in God’s name allowing for a magnificent afterlife. By showing Dante the different circles of Hell, Dante learns the nature of sin and it’s consequences. Virgil teaches Dante a most important lesson; when reason is not in control, it is more likely to commit harsh sins, sins worthy of an afterlife in Hell and not in God’s good grace. Virgil steers Dante toward the light of God once again, saving him from his impending doom, had he not been able to save his wandering soul. Athena and Virgil are considered to be a form of guidance to their poem’s main characters. In Homer’s The Odyssey, Athena helps to ensure Odysseus’s safe return home, but also allows him to live out the rest of his wonderful life on earth by saving him from various dangers including Poseidon and his wife’s suitors. In Dante’s The Inferno, Virgil serves as Dante’s escort through the circles of Hell, but also pilots Dante back into God’s grace by saving his soul. Each can be seen as not only a physical chaperon but also a spiritual one that illustrates society’s point of view on life or afterlife at the time each poem was written. Works Cited Alighieri, Dante. Inferno. Trans. Robert Hollander and Jean Hollander. New York: Anchor, 2002. Print. Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York: Penguin, 1997. Print.

Image Processing :: essays research papers

Adaptive Shape Contour Tracing Algorithm ABSTRACT In this paper we are going to present a new shape contour tracing algorithm called  ¡Ã‚ §Adaptive Contour Tracing Algorithm ¡Ã‚ ¨. The algorithm can trace open and closed discontinuous digital shapes and return an ordered set of boundary points that represent the contour of the shape. Unlike other algorithms that return boundary points that are part of the traced shape, our algorithm returns background points that are adjacent to the shape ¡Ã‚ ¦s contour. Furthermore, the algorithm is not hindered by shapes that are noisy and ill-defined as it can adapt to interruptions in the shape ¡Ã‚ ¦s contour using a pre-set tolerance and is able to scan multiple neighbors of a given point. The algorithm has a low complexity and no restrictions on the type or size of the traced shape. The extracted ordered set of boundary points represents the contour of a given shape and is important for curvature-based shape descriptors. Categories and Subject Descriptors I.4.6 [Image Processing and Computer Vision]: Segmentation  ¡V Edge and feature detection, Pixel classification General Terms Algorithms. Keywords Image Processing; Contour Tracing; Shape Boundary Extraction. 1. INTRODUCTION Contour tracing is an important process in boundary-based shape matching. All shapes are represented by a pattern of pixels and the contour pixels are usually a small subset of that pattern. Curvature-based shape matching methods rely on the contour pixels to describe the irregularities in shapes and a reliable contour-tracing algorithm is needed to extract the boundary of shapes. If the shape has holes then another hole search algorithm need to be applied to extract the hole pattern and such an algorithm is not part of this article. We developed a sequential contour-tracing algorithm denoted the  ¡Ã‚ §Adaptive Contour Tracing Algorithm ¡Ã‚ ¨. The algorithm computes the surrounding contour of any shape and adapts to all types of closed curve representations whether they are filled or partially filled digital shapes. Any pixel, 1-pixel wide lines, and full shapes could be traced and represented by closed curves. The algorithm also accounts for discontinuities in the shape contour and can reach nearby pixels. The contour trace starts from the top left point or pixel closest to the shape and proceeds clockwise following the surrounding of the contour of the shape rather than the contour itself. The path around the contour is traced in a look-forward sweep pattern to find the next surrounding point that is closest to the contour. The path is then closed when the start point is found.

Company accounting ch1 tut working Essay

The board of directors has resolved to change the accounting policy for treatment of advertising expenditure. Previously, advertising expenditure has been expensed as incurred. Following extensive market research, the board has taken the view that benefits from advertising expenditure in the form of product awareness and increased sales will be received by the company over a 3-year period following the expenditure. Due to a recent fire and water damage to the company’s accounting records, details of advertising expenditure in prior years have been destroyed. Required: The board of directors has approached you for advice regarding the disclosures, if any, which are required for this change in accounting policy. As the change in accounting policy was voluntary, the provisions of paragraph 29 of AASB 108 are applicable as follows: the nature of the change  the reasons that applying the new accounting policy provides reliable and more relevant information to the extent practicable, the amount of the adjustment for the current and previous periods to each financial statement line item affected and, if applicable, the basic and diluted earnings per share the amount of the adjustment relating to periods prior to those presented to the extent practicable if retrospective application is impracticable, the circumstances that led to the existence of that condition and a description of how and from when the change in accounting policy was applied. To comply with paragraph 29, the change in accounting policy note may be worded as follows (other variations are possible): The board of directors has resolved to change the accounting policy for  treatment of advertising expenditure. Previously, advertising expenditure had been expensed as incurred. However, following extensive market research, the board has taken the view that benefits from advertising expenditure in the form of product awareness and increased sales and will be received by the company over a 3 year period following the expenditure. Accordingly, the board believes the new accounting policy will provide reliable and more relevant information. Retrospective application of this change in accounting policy is impractical following a recent fire and water damage which has destroyed the company’s accounting records. Note, insufficient information was provided in the case study to determine: the amount of the adjustments for the current period to each financial statement line item affected; calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share; and how and from when the change in accounting policy was applied. Case Study 3 – Materiality Antelope Ltd is a catering company specialising in providing catering services to remote area mine sites. The company has operations in Australia but during the current year it acquired significant long-term contracts in Pakistan and Nigeria. AASB 8 Operating Segments requires entities to disclose material segment information but Antelope Ltd has failed to comply with this requirement Required: Discuss whether the non-disclosure of information about operations in Pakistan and Nigeria would be material. Information is material if its omission or misstatement would influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial report (the Conceptual Framework, paragraph QC11). The non-disclosure of information relating the existence of long-term contracts in both Pakistan and Nigeria would be material to the users of Antelope’s financial statement. Both countries are politically and economically unstable so there is a significant risk that these operations could be disrupted exposing Antelope  Ltd to potential losses on the contracts and other losses if corporate employees are harmed or property is destroyed. Disclosing the information allows users to factor in such risks into their predictions about the company’s future performance and position and ensures an informed decision is made. Furthermore, paragraph 12 of AASB 1031 notes: In deciding whether an item or an aggregate of items is material, the size and nature of the omission or misstatement of the items usually need to be evaluated together. In particular circumstances, either the nature or the amount of an item or an aggregate of items could be the determining factor. For example: an entity expands its operations into a new segment which affects the assessment of the risks and opportunities facing the entity (paragraph 12(b)(iii)). Practice QuestionsQAEWRT QUESTION 12.1 NOTE: This solution is only one possibility. Students may use alternative or average base amounts. 1.Unrecorded creditor’s invoices These invoices understate Expenses (purchases and service related expenses) and Accounts Payable by $62 150. Base Amount Error as % of base Profit before tax $352 000 17.7% (62 150/352 000) Payables (current) 316 000 19.7% (62 150/316 000) As the error is greater than 10% of both base amounts it is material and must be adjusted. If the invoices all relate to purchases within a perpetual inventory system the accounts affected are Inventories (current asset) and Accounts Payable (current liability) and there will be nil profit effect. 2.Sales invoices not processed These invoices understate both Sales Revenue and Accounts Receivable by $50 000. Additionally, Cost of goods sold (expense) is understated and Inventory (current asset) is overstated by $36 000. The profit effect is $14 000 ($50 000 – $36 000). Base Amount Error as % of base Profit before tax $352 000 4.0% (14/352) Sales Revenue 3 600 000 1.4% (50/3 600) Receivables (current) 621 000 8.1% (50/621) Inventory (current) 345 000 10.4% (36/345) The omitted invoices are material in relation to inventories and should be adjusted. 3.Bankruptcy of Debtor after reporting date The adjustment will increase Bad Debts expense by $89 120 and decrease Accounts Receivable by $89 120. Base Amount Error as % of base Profit before tax $352 000 25.3% (89 120/352 000) Receivables (current) 621 000 14.4% (89 120/621 000) The overstatement is material in relation to both base amounts and must be adjusted as it relates to conditions existing at reporting date. QUESTION 12.3 The significant variances between the provision for warranty and the actual repairs in the two years indicate that either the policy of using a percentage of net credit sales as a means of estimating warranty costs is not appropriate, or the percentage used is not adequate. The company needs to look at changing either its policy or perhaps simply increasing the percentage used. Past claims as a percentage of past net credit sales should provide a reliable measure. If a new percentage is adopted it will be applied prospectively (from 2015-16 on) according to AASB 108 paragraph 36. If the variance for 2014-15 was due to an error in calculation then, providing it is material, the figures for 2014-15 should be retrospectively corrected (according to AASB 108 paragraph 42) by the following entry: Retained earnings (1 July 2015)Dr 8 000 Provision for WarrantyCr8 000 Additionally, this would indicate that the variance in 2013-14 may be a one-off aberration. QUESTION 12.5 Release of investigator’s report on 1 August 2015 The release of the report and the decision that damages were payable by Antelope Ltd provide new information about conditions existing at the end of the reporting period given that the release of the noxious gases occurred in June 2015. At $750 000 the amount is clearly material (in relation to profit before tax of $360 000) and the following adjustment should be made: June 30Damages expenseDr750 000 Damages payableCr750 000 (Recognition of damages liability) Credit notes raised on 9 July 2015 As these credit notes relate to sales which occurred prior to the end of the reporting period this provides more information about conditions existing at 30 June 2015 and will (or may, depending on materiality) require adjustment by journal entry. However, as the credit notes represent only approximately 4% of profit before tax ($15 000/$360 000), it could be argued that no adjustment is necessary on the grounds of immateriality. The journal entry (ignoring materiality considerations) is shown below: June 30Sales returns and allowancesDr15 000 Accounts receivableCr15 000 (Credit notes relating to June sales) Liquidation of debtor As the liquidation was caused by an event after the end of the reporting period no adjustment will be made as this information does not change the situation that existed at 30 June 2015. However, the $52 000 loss (80 cents in the dollar x $65 000) will be material to next year’s profits based on  the current year’s profit before tax ($52 000/$360 000 = 14%), and must be disclosed by note. Antelope Ltd Notes to the financial statements year ended 30 June 2015 Note X:Events occurring after the end of the reporting period In September 2015, a debtor owing $65 000 went into liquidation. The company expects to recover only 20% of the amount owing.QUESTION AASB 108, paragraph 36 requires that the effect of a change in an accounting estimate shall be recognised prospectively by including it in profit or loss in the period of the change. New information in the form of debts which actually went bad during the year ended 30 June 2015 proved that the estimate of doubtful debts as at 30 June 2014 (last year) was inadequate and should have been $17 600 rather than $12 000. The amount of $5 600 ($17 600 – $12 000) in bad debts written off that was more than allowed for last year has been added to bad debts expense for the current year (i.e. prospectively) in accordance with paragraph 36. The balance of the bad debts expense for the current year, $23 400, is comprised of $17 800 (allowance for doubtful debts as at 30 June 2015 based on an analysis of outstanding account receivable balances) plus $5 600 (adjustment for underestimation of allowance for doubtful debts as at 30 June 2014). The key issue here is whether or not the change in the way Mousedeer Ltd estimates its doubtful debts is a change in an accounting policy. AASB 108, paragraph 35 states ‘A change in the measurement basis applied is a change in an accounting policy, and is not a change in an accounting estimate. When it is difficult to distinguish a change in an accounting policy from a change in an accounting estimate, the change is treated as a change in an accounting estimate.’ The asset here is Accounts Receivable, a financial asset which is measured at the lower of nominal value and recoverable amount. Where a debt is not expected to be collected in full it is  disclosed in the financial statements at its expected amount via the allowance for doubtful debt adjustment. The change in the way this ‘recoverable amount’ is estimated does not change the measurement basis and is therefore not a change in accounting policy. Mousedeer Ltd should disclose the nature and amount of any change in an accounting estimate (according to AASB 108 paragraph 39), usually in its accounting policy note.

History and Laws behind the Federal Food and Drug Act of...

History and Laws behind the Federal Food and Drug Act of 1906 As one of the primary federal consumer-protection laws in existence today, The Federal Food and Drug Act of 1906 was a law that had two primary goals for food and drugs: (a) forbid harmful ingredients and additions and (b) demand labeling of ingredients to inform consumers. According to Janssen (1981), it was hoped that the enactment of this law would eliminate adulterations and poisons sometimes found in foods, sometimes in drugs and often in both. The foundation of food and drug protection came from the development of scientific methods of analysis by the Federal Bureau of Chemistry,†¦show more content†¦Through his own research with human volunteers to determine the effects of food preservatives on digestion and health, dubbed the â€Å"Poison Squad,† Wiley enlisted the support of the American Medical Association, the General Federation of Women’s Clubs and other consumer groups (Janssen). Meanwhile, his staunchest opposition came from the largest adverti sers in the country; distillers and patent medicine firms. â€Å"But the tide was turned, according to historians and Dr. Wiley himself, when the voteless, but militant club of women throughout the country who rallied to the pure food cause† Janssen, 1981,  ¶ 12). Undoubtedly, these women supported Dr. Wiley because he had become a popular speaker at their supper clubs where crusading writers of national magazines also joined his campaign by publishing his findings as editorials. Ultimately, legislation closely followed the January 1906 publishing of Upton Sinclair’s best-selling novel The Jungle, which portrayed dangerous working conditions as well as the unsanitary methods of Chicago’s meatpacking industry. On June 30, 1906, The Pure Food and Drug Act was passed providing inspection of meat products and proh ibiting the sale, manufacture, and transport of harmful patent medicines. Major ProvisionsShow MoreRelatedRegulatory Agency Paper1549 Words   |  7 Pages HCS/430 Federal Drug and Food Administration â€Å"The Federal Drug Administration is an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA organization consist of the Office of Commissioner and four directorates overseeing four core functions of the agency: Medical Products, and Tobacco, Foods, Global Regulatory Operations, and Policy, and Operations† (FDA, 2011). The FDA is responsibleRead MoreThe Rise Of The Progressive Era1418 Words   |  6 Pagessociety by alerting the public of the problems and making them aware of what is really going on behind the scenes. In addition, this style of writing had become very common and popular. â€Å"In 1887, meatpacking was the second largest business in Cincinnati, behind only iron production. Meatpacking brought in more than 23.5 million dollars to the city s economy that year, just 3.5 million dollars behind the iron industry.† (â€Å"Meatpacking 5†) â€Å"Until the Civil War era, meatpacking was primarily locatedRead MoreFood Manufactures have Taken Over1776 Words   |  7 Pagesmachines and buildings built to accommodate and the exploit the opportunity and moment at hand. Due to this sudden improvement, food manufactures being the primary industry and instrumental in their clever ways; developed a way to profit by reducing workers, encouraged unsanitary habits and unscrupulous ways which resul ted as a disastrous blow to the public. 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The industry has changedRead MoreThe Jungle by Upton Sinclair730 Words   |  3 PagesThe nineteen twenties in American history was as important maybe if not the most important era of American past time. Reasons for this are because at the turn of the century and into the twenties there were many things being discovered, new inventions, and new laws to being constructed for a developing nation. Along with this many Americans were moving to more urban areas in search of not only jobs but a better way of life due to the industrial factories. The invention o f not only the automobileRead MoreDrug Abuse And The Unwinnable War1462 Words   |  6 PagesDrug Abuse and the Unwinnable War Drugs are not a new thing by any means and have been commonplace in most cultures at one point or another. Throughout the known history of the world humans have used drugs to provide mind and mood altering experiences. Evidence of the production of alcohol can be traced back to the description of a brewery in an Egyptian papyrus as early as 3500 B.C (Fort, J. 1969). On a seemingly primal level, humans have always had some incessant need to alter their state of consciousnessRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt, the 26th president of the United States of America1343 Words   |  6 Pagesgraduated from Harvard University. Many good things started happening for him in the year of 1881, like being elected to the New York State Assembly and beginning his first term in January, 1882. In 1882, he was also able to publish his first book, â€Å"A History of the Naval War of 1812.† On February 12, 1884, his first child, Alice, was born. The exciting news of her birth was soon forgotten, when his wife Alices kidneys failed from pregnancy, which caused her to pass away about two days later. 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Geriatrics and Depression - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2307 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Depression Essay Did you like this example? When a person reaches the age of 65, their chances of getting dementia doubles every five years (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, Dudley, 2010; Mansah et al., 2014). Once a person has an altered mental state, like dementia, they often exhibit agitation, passivity, and depression (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, Dudley, 2010; Mansah et al., 2014). Since these interactions affect ones cognition, personality, and daily activities, the quality of life seen is often decreased, making engagement and perception of life also lessening (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, Dudley, 2010; Mansah et al., 2014). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Geriatrics and Depression" essay for you Create order As a person gets older, multiple factors can lead to a decline in the quality of life including loss of partners, siblings, or friends and even control of their everyday life events (Babatsikou et al., 2017; Kawamura, Niiyama, Niiyama, 2009; Prosser, Townsend, Staiger, 2008). Age is an inevitable thing that brings health problems along with physical and emotional changes (Adam, Shahar, Ramli, 2016; Gopi Preetha, 2016; Kawamura, Niiyama, Niiyama, 2009; Wang, Ying Chair, Mi Ling Wong, Li, 2016). Depressive symptoms in the elderly population will continue to rise as the baby boomer population reaches the geriatric stage of their life (Adam, Shahar, Ramli, 2016; Babatsikou et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2016). Unfortunately, most nurses admit to not knowing enough about geriatrics and that they would rather work with the patients who had easy and quick-to-apply interventions rather than the ones who had more time-consuming ones (Bleijenberg et al., 2016). A study done by Bleijenberg et al. (2016) shows that there is room for nurse to improve when it comes to how they divide their care and what quality they put into it. Significance to Nursing Depression is seen in 77% of older people with dementia, yet it often goes unrecognized even with its effects on the quality of life (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, Dudley, 2010; Mellor et al., 2008). Since some nurses feel like depression symptoms take longer to treat, appropriate medical attention is not achieved for these residents (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, Dudley, 2010; Mellor et al., 2008). However, caregivers often feel like they lack proper skills needed to recognize and help residents with depressive symptoms, so many feel like educational programs on the different types interventions would be beneficial, interesting, and used daily (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, Dudley, 2010; Mansah et al., 2014; Mellor et al., 2008). Education provided to nurses and care givers is one way to improve care to patients (Mansah et al., 2014). When nurses were provided with educational material and assessment tools, completed training programs, and implemented reflection techniques, they felt like the care they provided to each patient was improved (Bleijenberg et al., 2016; Mansah et al., 2014; Mellor et al., 2008). When a nurse implements their skills, they were able to increase the care and communication they provide to the nursing home residents, gain knowledge about care, and accomplish a sense of self-efficacy (Mansah et al., 2014; Mellor et al., 2008). With the geriatric population rising and nurses being the advocates for residents, an open mind and new innovative types of care need to be looked at to create an individualized treatment plan for residents (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, Dudley, 2010; Justine Hamid, 2010; Mansah et al., 2014). Oftentimes, pharmacologic interventions are the first, if not only, line of defense used in patients with an altered mental state (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, Dudley, 2010), but they typically lead to medication intolerance, increased fall risk, and daytime confusion (Wang et al., 2016). There are multiple structures therapeutic interventions that nurses can lead and implement to impact the geriatric populations quality of life (Adam, Shahar, Ramli, 2016; Buettner, Fitzsimmons, Dudley, 2010; Justine Hamid, 2010; Sampoornam et al., 2016). Since every person is different though, it is important to remember to keep interventions individualized to the patient/resident. The purpose of this paper is to com pare how structured versus nonstructural interventions affect the quality of life in geriatric nursing home residents. Review of Literature Structured therapeutic interventions that nurses can apply Initiating a personalized exercise program for each resident based on needs and abilities. As time passes and a person ages, the perception of the quality of life tends to decrease (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, Dudley, 2010; Justine Hamid, 2010) and the presence of insomnia increases (Sampoornam et al., 2016). Exercise has been shown to have positive effects on an older persons perception on the quality of life, while also decreasing fall incidents that can lead to morbidity and mortality (Babatsikou et al., 2017; Buettner, Fitzsimmons, Dudley, 2010; Sampoornam et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016). Some studies done show a positive correlation between exercise and the perception of quality of life, sleeping patterns, and the meaning of life experiences (Adam, Shahar, Ramli, 2016; Buettner, Fitzsimmons, Dudley, 2010; Justine Hamid, 2010; Sampoornam et al., 2016). Changes in the central nervous system from age can cause a person to lose balance, muscle strength, and mobility all together (Adam, Shahar, Ramli, 2016). There are many types of exercise training techniques that can be implemented to improve the overall quality of life and slow the physical limitations down. Some of these implementations include, but are not limited to, walking (Sampoornam et al., 2016), cardiorespiratory endurance, strength and balance training, flexibility (Justine Hamid, 2010), cross training (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, Dudley, 2010), resistance training, Tai Chi, and dancing (Adam, Shahar, Ramli, 2016). Dancing was implemented in a study done by Adam, Shahar, and Ramli (2016) that allowed the residents to be themselves, have fun, and enjoy the exercise while they were partaking in it. Providing animal interaction opportunities or ability for residents to have pets. Companion animals can help minimize the feeling of loneliness and assist with transition of the normal aging processes by providing a companion, being someone the older person can to talk to and have physical contact with, and being a topic that can be brought up with a stranger (Kawamura, Niiyama, Niiyama, 2009; Prosser, Townsend, Staiger, 2008). By animals increasing social interactions, a positive effect occurs and decreases agitated and depressive behaviors (Kawamura, Niiyama, Niiyama, 2009; Moretti et al., 2011; Prosser, Townsend, Staiger, 2008; Thodberg et al., 2016). Pets also allow the older patient with something to touch and since older patients have a more positive response to touch rather than communication, animals can be a perfect addition to those who have lost loved ones (Prosser, Townsend, Staiger, 2008). In a study done by Moretti et al. (2011), pet therapy was able to decrease symptoms associated with depression by 50% and increased the quality of life measured in long-term care facility residents. During the post-intervention interview in the study done by Prosser, Townsend, and Staiger (2008), many residents wanted the companion program to continue because they enjoyed contact with the animals, they had more social interactions, and it brought variety to their lives. Participants often found pleasure knowing the animals were coming and felt like it provided them with a positive experience at the nursing home (Kawamura, Niiyama, Niiyama, 2009; Moretti et al., 2011; Prosser, Townsend, Staiger, 2008). Using pets as therapy for elder nursing home residents is often implemented when the animals are brought in by a volunteer, but nurses can help encourage protocols to be developed that motivate animal therapy as a common occurrence (Kawamura, Niiyama, Niiyama, 2009; Prosser, Townsend , Staiger, 2008; Thodberg et al., 2016). Offering music and singing programs that residents can be involved in. Music and singing therapy can be used to manage the effects aging has on health maintenance, daily functioning, and the quality of life (Gopi Preetha, 2016; Wang et al., 2016). Through the use of music and singing, depressive symptoms can be decreased and the meaning of quality of life can be more significant to residents (Gopi Preetha, 2016; Wang et al., 2016). Since music interventions are safe, easy, and generally effective at decreasing depressive symptoms, along with increasing the quality of sleep, music could be a simple implementation to add to a nursing home residents daily activities (Gopi Preetha, 2016; Wang et al., 2016). Music that has tranquilizing effects have been thought to calm the body and suppress the sympathetic nervous system and turn on the parasympathetic nervous system (Wang et al., 2016). In addition, music also lets the mind focus on something other than thoughts, which allows the mind to relax (Gopi Preetha, 2016) and can even initiate sleep (Wang et al., 2016). When music is blended with different tones, restoration of emotions, physical relaxation, and spiritual wellbeing is met (Gopi Preetha, 2016). Implementing different massage and relaxation techniques that residents can partake in. There are many types of massage and relaxation techniques that can be used on nursing home residents daily (Adam, Shahar, Ramli, 2016; Keerthi, Malathi, and Nidagundi, 2018). In a study done by Keerthi, Malathi, and Nidagundi (2018), the use of footbath on joint pain was tested. A foot bath was given to the residents in the experiment twice a week and the effects were tested based on the amount of joint pain the residents felt afterward (Keerthi, Malathi, and Nidagundi, 2018). The footbath is able to cause blood vessels to dilate, which then increases the blood flow to other parts of the body (Keerthi, Malathi, and Nidagundi, 2018). When the dilation occurs, the blood movement causes the muscles to relax and release tension which leads to pain being relieved (Keerthi, Malathi, and Nidagundi, 2018). Relaxation therapy is another technique that has been used for a while to treat stress and anxiety (Adam, Shahar, Ramli, 2016). This type of therapy has been used to restore harmony in the body, reduce physical and mental tension, decreasing depressive symptoms, and creating an overall positive outlook (Adam, Shahar, Ramli, 2016). There are many different types of relaxation techniques that can be used, but some of the most common ones are breathing, meditation, and progressive muscular relaxation (Adam, Shahar, Ramli, 2016). Perception on the quality of life for nursing home residents The depression rates decreased in geriatric residents. In a study done by Buettner, Fitzsimmons, and Dudley (2010), agitation, passivity, and depression were all measured at the start and after two weeks of exercise treatments for each patient. This measurement showed that agitation in patients with depression was lowered after the individualized treatments were performed and went hand in hand with changes in passivity (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, Dudley, 2010). Contrary, Justine and Hamid (2010) found that participants had an improvement in their life satisfaction, but there was no change when it came to their levels of depression. Dancing however was shown to have a positive outlook for residents with depression and anxiety (Adam, Shahar, Ramli, 2016). This exercise not only implements movement, it also incorporated music, which allows muscles to be worked, stress to be released, and fun to be had (Adam, Shahar, Ramli, 2016). Since music is so easy to implement and use, it is a simple thing to add to an exercise routine (Adam, Shahar, Ramli, 2016; Gopi Preetha, 2016; Wang et al., 2016). Music therapy is able to allow relaxation of the mind and body to occur, which in turn has a positive effect on mood and feelings (Gopi Preetha, 2016). Ensure that residents obtain a more consistent sleeping pattern. When quality of sleep is measured after walking exercise is implemented, a decrease in chronic insomnia was seen and sleeping habits were improved (Sampoornam et al., 2016). Sleeping disorders are common as age increases as falling asleep becomes harder and waking up early happens more often (Sampoornam et al., 2016). Circadian rhythm problems have been thought to go hand in hand with cognitive issues (Sampoornam et al., 2016). If cognitive issues are able to be assessed and put in check, sleeping problems could be resolved also. Slow the onset of dementia for nursing home or long-term care facility residents. Since dementia is a progressive brain disease, reversal of this disease is not likely, but some interventions were able to slow the onset down or minimize symptoms (Thodberg et al., 2016). When residents affected with dementia are able to engage in animal interactions, improvement in cognitive functions, motivation, and emotions was seen (Moretti et al., 2011). Meaningful life experiences are important for residents with dementia and these events can change both passive and agitative behavior (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, Dudley, 2010). Conclusion Summary When a nurse is able to work with other healthcare professionals, the resident, and their families, stronger therapeutic communication skills are gained, interpersonal relationships are improved, knowledge about personal events are shared, and multiple assessment tools are looked at to create an improved and individualized treatment approach (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, Dudley, 2010; Mansah et al., 2014; Mellor et al., 2008). When nurses have the proper knowledge and education needed to help care for residents (Mansah et al., 2014; Mellor et al., 2008), implementations like exercise programs (Adam, Shahar, Ramli, 2016; Justine Hamid, 2010; Sampoornam et al., 2016), animal therapy (Kawamura, Niiyama, Niiyama, 2009; Moretti et al., 2011; Thodberg et al., 2016), music and singing (Gopi Preetha, 2016; Wang et al., 2016), and relaxation techniques (Adam, Shahar, Ramli, 2016; Keerthi, Malathi, and Nidagundi, 2018), can be implemented and individualized for each elder. All of the interven tions talked about previously can be applied into a residents activity schedule based on what their interests are and their physical ability. It would also be beneficial to educate nurses on how to properly implement structured therapeutic interventions and provide nursing homes with the ability to offer those interventions. Areas for Future Research Most study researchers felt like they needed a longer adaptation period during their study so they could have more observations (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, Dudley, 2010; Justine Hamid, 2010; Mansah et al., 2014; Moretti et al., 2011; Sampoornam et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016). This longer period might allow more time for the positive impact on the quality of life to occur and ensure that the participants are comfortable and familiar with their new interventions (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, Dudley, 2010; Justine Hamid, 2010; Moretti et al., 2011; Sampoornam et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016). It was also a common that authors thought there needed to be a larger test group with more diversity in a future study done (Buettner, Fitzsimmons, Dudley, 2010; Justine Hamid, 2010; Kawamura, Niiyama, Niiyama, 2009; Keerthi, Malathi, and Nidagundi, 2018; Moretti et al., 2011; Sampoornam et al., 2016). Research can also be done to test the effects on younger children visiting and interacting with nursing home residents. This would provide the resident with someone to talk to that they can teach and do activities with. Gardening and cooking might be other areas that can be looked at. It might be hard for aging residents to partake in activities like this that they once enjoyed, but if modifications could be made to help them adapt to physical changes, these activities might be achievable.

Oedipus Rex A Tragic Hero - 882 Words

The ancient Greek’s culture was greatly influenced by their belief in many gods. They believed that the gods would guide them and that everyone was destined to live out their fates. In the case of Oedipus Rex, fate drove him into a downfall. Oedipus Rex is a part of the great Sophoclean play, written by Sophocles. Sophocles wrote this story to exemplify a tragic hero, he uses specific character flaws to explain the downfall of his hero. Oedipus is a perfect tragic hero because his early life forces the audience to admire as a privilege young man and also pity him as he falls into a crushing downfall towards the end. Oedipus’s tragic flaws are pride, persistence, and ignorance. They lead to his fate and help him fulfil his destiny. Sight is a very symbolic in this play. Oedipus is unable to see his fate clearly because he is blinded by his tragic flaws. Sophocles really drilled the motif of sight vs. blindness into the fabric of this play. The first sight of this motif is at the beginning of the play when the prophet Teiresias graces the stage. Teiresias is blind, but he can see Oedipus s life very clearly. Even though Oedipus s eyes are fine, he is blinded to his fate because of pure ignorance. Oedipus’s ignorance purely ironic because he was praised for his intuition, after solving the riddle of the Sphinx. Oedipus even calls Teiresias powers into question because he failed the Sphinx s mind-game. Oedipus saids, â€Å"This tricksy beggar-priest, for gain alone Keen-eyed,Show MoreRelatedOedipus Rex : A Tragic Hero945 Words   |  4 Pagesfates. In the case of Oedipus Rex Fate drove him into a downfall. Oedipus Rex is a part of the great Sophoclean play, written by Sophocles. Sophocles’ write this story to portray a tragic hero, using character flaws to explain his downfall. Oedipus is a perfect tragic hero because his whirlwind of a life force the audience to admire him in the beginning of the story as a privilege young man and also pity him a he falls into a crushing downfall. Sophocles intentionally gave Oedipus certain flaws becauseRead MoreOedipus Rex : The Tragic Hero735 Words   |  3 Pagesa tragedy a hero must possess a tragic flaw that leads to his or her ruin. An example that backs up this argument is Sophocles’s tragedian play, Oedipus Rex, in which its protagonist was a victim of such fatal flaws that caused ruination in his life. In this case, Oedipus tragic flaws were both his anger and his pride. Furthermore, the fate that Oedipus suffered because of such flaws not only caused his downfall, but also the death of those he cherished. The tragic flaws that Oedipus possessed madeRead MoreOedipus Rex: Classic Tragic Hero921 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, Oedipus is a classic tragic hero. 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The reasoning behind this concept is simple to understand. Were there to be a completely virtuous hero with no flaws, no hamartia, as Aristotle describes it, there would be no sense of catharsis or enjoyment at watching horrible events afflictRead MoreAnalysis of Oedipus As an Aristotelian Tragic Hero in Sophocles Oedipus Rex1799 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Oedipus as an Aristotelian tragic hero Although one might be inclined to express uncertainty concerning the role of Sophocles Oedipus as a tragic hero (when regarding matters from a general point of view), the character perfectly fits Aristotles definition of a tragic hero. The protagonist in Oedipus Rex is noble and can be appreciated for his greatness, considering that he embodies a series of virtuous attributes. 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Sophocles and Shakespeare both address this dilemma in their plays Oedipus Rex and Othello. Through their nobility, their tragic flaws, the fall these flaws cause, and the suffering and wisdom they derive from these falls, Oedipus and Othello reveal the true characterRead MoreSophocles Oedipus Rex: The Epic and Tragic Hero in Myth and Culture2021 Words   |  8 PagesOutline- Background to story and structure Thesis the hero as both epic and tragic Oedipus Rex Theme and Plot The Epic and Tragic Hero in Myth and Culture How myth is ingrained, purpose Oedipus as a tragic Hero Formation of myth and commonalities with the everyman Aristotelian definition of hero Conclusions How Aristotles definition fits Oedipus Background- Within the rubric of the human experience we can find a number of commonalities that relate to psychology, culture, and the manner

Acid Rain (781 words) Essay Example For Students

Acid Rain (781 words) Essay Acid RainFor years ever since most of the world has been industrialized, the effects ofpollution have plagued nations alike. Acid rain is one of the largestcontributors to this industrialized form of pollution. Throughout this report anexplanation of the devastating effects to the environment caused by acid rainwill be given along with what is being done to stop it. Acid rain is made whenpollutants arise from the use of coal in the production of electricity, frombase- metal smelting and from fuel combustion in vehicles. Once the sulfur andnitrogen oxides from these man made causes are released into the air they arecaught by wind currents and are blown hundreds of miles away. The gas pollutantsdrift along with clouds until the rain eventually converts the sulfuric dioxideinto sulfuric acid, and the nitrogen oxide into nitric acid. The newlytransformed acid rain, acid snow or fog, falls to the earth where the effects onaquatic habitats, humans, animals, trees, crops, and other forms of plant lifeare devastating. When acid rain comes in contact with aquatic ecosystems thechemistry of the effects can be extremely complex. If one species or group ofspecies changes or dies out in response to the acid rain, then the whole entirebody of water, especially in lakes, is affected through the predator- preyrelationship of the food web. In some places where the acid deposition falls,natural substances absorb and neutralize the acid but in most places they buildup and the water becomes as sour as lemon juice. In these instances the chanceof a food web being disrupted are more likely to happen. When the acidity of thewater is around the ph level of 6.0 fish cannot lay eggs. When they cantreproduce and the acidity level grows then the fish out, and when in lakes areextremely difficult to be replaced. Around this acidity level plants also dieout and are poisoned. Insects no longer have a food source and soon they aregone. The water fowl and other birds in the area that fed on fi sh and insects nolonger have a food source and they are the next to go. As the whole entire foodweb come toppling down the aquatic ecosystems become quiet; quiet as a grave. Acid rain also effects crops and other plant life. Surprisingly though acid raincan actually help out some crops such as strawberries, corn, and tomatoes. Othercrops like soybeans can be affected for the worse. When they are watered withacid rain the size and number of the seeds and pods on the plants can cut inhalf or be totally wiped out. The effects on other terrestrial plant life can bealso very destructive. It accelerates soil weathering and removal of nutrientsalong with slowing down or stopping plant germination or reproduction. The waxysurface protecting the plants leaves can be altered, drastically lowering theplants disease resistance. Also toxic elements such as aluminum can be made moresoluble making the uptake of nutrients of plants much more difficult. Many ofthe trees throughout the world are also greatly affected. In the green mountainsof Vermont, some scientists think that as much as thirty percent of forests havedied in the past twenty years because acid rain. Anoth er large study has beenconducted in Northern Europe. In 1984, for example, reports said that more thanhalf of the trees in Germanys Black Forests had been severely damaged by acidrain. Acid rain has also struck, in a major way, the northeastern past of theU.S. and Canada. Besides for destroying most of our crops, acid rain effectshumans in many other ways. The air we breathe, when coming in contact with aciddeposition, can pollute our lungs as well as the water we drink. What is reallybeing done to stop this killer? Industrial emissions have been mainly to blamefor the acid rain. To start, industries first took it upon themselves to startfurther studies on the problem, and because of the cost of pollution ourgovernment began to support them. In 1988 the U.S. , along with 24 othernations, made a protocol, freezing the rate of nitrogen oxide emissions, as partof United Nations- Sponsored long-range Transboundry Air Pollution Agreement. .u0486adc5348bed21e366ae231285fecb , .u0486adc5348bed21e366ae231285fecb .postImageUrl , .u0486adc5348bed21e366ae231285fecb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0486adc5348bed21e366ae231285fecb , .u0486adc5348bed21e366ae231285fecb:hover , .u0486adc5348bed21e366ae231285fecb:visited , .u0486adc5348bed21e366ae231285fecb:active { border:0!important; } .u0486adc5348bed21e366ae231285fecb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0486adc5348bed21e366ae231285fecb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0486adc5348bed21e366ae231285fecb:active , .u0486adc5348bed21e366ae231285fecb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0486adc5348bed21e366ae231285fecb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0486adc5348bed21e366ae231285fecb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0486adc5348bed21e366ae231285fecb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0486adc5348bed21e366ae231285fecb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0486adc5348bed21e366ae231285fecb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0486adc5348bed21e366ae231285fecb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0486adc5348bed21e366ae231285fecb .u0486adc5348bed21e366ae231285fecb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0486adc5348bed21e366ae231285fecb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rosa Parks EssayThe 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1967 put in place regulations toreduce the release of sulfur dioxide from power plants to 10 million tons peryear by January 1, 2000. With our present and future efforts to make our plantlife, aquatic ecosystems, and humans safe from this killer, we will hopefullyfind a way to control or diminish acid rain. BibliographyAcid Rain. Effects on Trees and Soils. Downloaded from America Online. Thursday, February 4, 1999. Acid Rain. Environment Canada. Downloaded fromAmerica Online. 1994-1999. Acid Rain. Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia. Microsoft Corporation. 1993-1995. Woods, Harold. Acid Rain. Pollution. United States: Geraldine and Harold Woods, 1985.